【评论:美国农业部该项报告反而向美国消费者宣扬:“中国消费者调查:80%消费者对购买转基因大米并不要求价格优势,而且平均而言愿意支付38%更高的价格购买转基因大米与愿意支付16%更高价格购买转基因大豆油。”中国消费者或许记得:2013年9月来北京参加会议的美国白宫科技办公室生物安全高级顾问、美国农业部生物技术协调员、主管美国农业部农业研究局的迈克尔•沙克曼先生说:“转基因产品是我们市场上日常出现的食品,销量很好,消费者非常欢迎。”。】
美国农业部 2014年2月20日公布了对转基因作物对于环境造成的潜在风险的新报告。迈克尔·莱翁斯顿,政府农业经济学家以及该报告作者之一,声称公布该报告的目的“我们不是描述它们(转基因作物)好还是不好”,“我们只是提供信息。”
报告称:“转基因品种1996年开始商业化适用于主要作物。15年多后,美国农民广泛采纳了这些品种,美国消费者也食用转基因作物加工的许多食品 – 包括玉米成分食品、油与糖 – 很大程度上并不知道这些食品加工自转基因作物。尽管美国农民迅速采纳玉米、大豆与棉花的转基因品种,对于转基因作物的经济性与环境性影响、野草进化了抗性,以及消费者接受性方面,依然存在着问题”、“转基因作物使用的化学品报告了更多的担心;某些科学研究报告转基因作物喷洒的化学品与疾病关联。”
报告不得不承认:“野草种群近年发展的草甘膦抗性可能诱导农民提高除草剂喷洒量。因而,野草抗性可能抵消了采纳抗除草剂转基因使用除草剂的某些经济与环境性优势。此外,(2014年预计)引入对麦草畏和2,4-D的抗除草剂转基因作物可能很快加剧使用的除草剂毒性。”
报告还承认:转基因作物种植头15年期间,转基因作物种子没有显示确切的增产潜力,而且“事实上,抗除草剂或抗虫转基因作物的种子种植的单位产量或许偶尔低于非转基因传统品种的单位产量”;数位研究者发现,使用抗除草剂转基因作物种子的农民,与使用非转基因传统种子的农民之间,在净收入方面“没有显著差别”;转基因玉米种植的除草剂使用量增加,报告说。
2001年,转基因玉米种植每英亩除草剂使用量为1.5磅,2010年增加到2.0磅。同一时期,用于非转基因玉米的除草剂使用量大致保持原先的水平;过分依赖草甘膦造成野草抗性增加,使农作物种植更为困难。草甘膦是孟山都销售的除草剂农达的主要成分,它的食用造成在美国各州发现了14个野草品种的抗草甘膦生物品种。
Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States
转基因作物在美国
USDA Economic Research Service
美国农业部经济研究服务部
by Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo, Seth James Wechsler, Michael Livingston, and Lorraine Mitchell
作者:乔治·费南德茨-索内菊、塞瑟·詹姆斯·维彻斯勒、迈克尔·莱翁斯顿与罗莱茵·米奇尔
Economic Research Report No. (ERR-162) 60 pp, February 2014
经济研究报告第(ERR-162)60页,2014年2月
What Is the Issue?
什么问题?
Genetically engineered (GE) varieties with pest management traits became commercially available for major crops in 1996. More than 15 years later, adoption of these varieties by U.S. farmers is widespread and U.S. consumers eat many products derived from GE crops—including cornmeal, oils, and sugars—largely unaware that these products were derived from GE crops. Despite the rapid increase in the adoption of corn, soybean, and cotton GE varieties by U.S. farmers, questions persist regarding their economic and environmental impacts, the evolution of weed resistance, and consumer acceptance.
具有虫害治理性状的转基因品种1996年开始商业化适用于主要作物。15年多后,美国农民广泛采纳了这些品种,美国消费者也食用转基因作物加工的许多食品 – 包括玉米成分食品、油与糖 – 很大程度上并不知道这些食品加工自转基因作物。尽管美国农民迅速采纳玉米、大豆与棉花的转基因品种,对于转基因作物的经济性与环境性影响、野草进化了抗性,以及消费者接受性方面,依然存在着问题。
(节录)
“Because glyphosate is significantly less toxic and less persistent than traditional herbicides … the net impact of HT crop adoption is an improvement in environmental quality and a reduction in the health risks associated with herbicide use (even if there are slight increases in the total pounds of herbicide applied). However, glyphosate resistance among weed populations in recent years may have induced farmers to raise application rates . Thus, weed resistance may be offsetting some of the economic and environmental advantages of HT crop adoption regarding herbicide use. Moreover, herbicide toxicity may soon be negatively affected (compared to glyphosate) by the introduction (estimated for 2014) of crops tolerant to the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D.”
“由于草甘膦比传统除草剂显著低毒性与不持续性 …采纳抗除草剂转基因作物的净影响改善了环境质量并且减少了与除草剂使用相关的健康风险(即便除草剂使用总量仅稍微增加)。然而,野草种群近年发展的草甘膦抗性可能诱导农民提高除草剂喷洒量。因而,野草抗性可能抵消了采纳抗除草剂转基因使用除草剂的某些经济与环境性优势。此外,(2014年预计)引入对麦草畏和2,4-D的抗除草剂转基因作物可能很快加剧使用的除草剂毒性。”
(美国农业部报告:第25页)
“China: 80 percent of consumers did not require a premium to purchase GE rice and on average were willing to pay a 38-percent premium for GE rice and a 16-percent premium for GE soy oil.”
“中国消费者调查:80%消费者对购买转基因大米并不要求价格优势,而且平均而言愿意支付38%更高的价格购买转基因大米与愿意支付16%更高价格购买转基因大豆油。”
(美国农业部报告:第36页)
资料来源:美国农业部网站
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err162.aspx#.UxQlsbKBQ9Z 2013年9月22日来北京参加会议的美国白宫科技办公室生物安全高级顾问、美国农业部生物技术协调员、主管美国农业部农业研究局的迈克尔•沙克曼(Michael Schechtman)先生说:“转基因产品是我们市场上日常出现的食品,销量很好,消费者非常欢迎。”
资料来源:
中国农业部网站:美国人如何对待转基因--访美国农业部官员(2011-09-28 )
http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/zjyqwgz/zjyxwbd/201109/t20110928_2312643.htm U.S. GMO crops show mix of benefits, concerns - USDA report
路透社:美国农业部报告,转基因作物益处与担心混杂
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/24/usda-gmo-report-idUSL1N0LT16M20140224BY CAREY GILLAM Feb 24, 2014
作者:加雷·吉拉姆,2014-02-24
The report, released online on Feb. 20, comes at a time when GMO crops are under intense scrutiny. Consumer groups are calling for tighter regulation of crop research and production and seeking mandatory labeling of foods made with GMOs; environmentalists are reporting increasing concerns about weed resistance and insect resistance to the crops and the chemicals used on them; and some scientific studies are reporting that the chemicals used on the crops are linked to disease and illness.
该项报告,2014年2月20日在线公布,在转基因作物遭到密切审查的时候公布。消费者团体呼吁对转基因作物研究和生产加强监管,寻求对转基因成分食品进行标识;环境人士对抗除草剂转基因作物导致野草对除草剂产生了抗性与抗虫转基因作物导致害虫产生了抗性,以及转基因作物使用的化学品报告了更多的担心;某些科学研究报告转基因作物喷洒的化学品与疾病关联。
As well, the report comes as the USDA and the Environmental Protection Agency are in the final stages of approving the commercialization of a new GMO crop and chemical product package developed by Dow AgroSciences, a unit of Dow Chemical.
此外,美国农业部发表这项报告的时间,恰逢美国农业部与环保署陶农业科学公司(陶化学公司的一个部门)开发的新转基因作物及其捆绑的化学除草剂商业化进行审批的最后阶段。
GMO crops were planted on about 169 million acres (68 million hectares) in the U.S. in 2013, about half the total land used for crops, the report said.
2013年,转基因作物在美国大约1.69亿英亩(6800万公顷)上种植,美国用于农作物种植耕地的大约一半,农业部公布的报告说。
The seeds are patented and cost more than conventional seeds - the price of GMO soybean and corn seeds grew by about 50 percent between 2001 and 2010, according to the report. But the companies that sell them say they make weed and insect management easier for farmers and can help increase production.
转基因作物种子有专利,而且价格比传统种子更高 – 2001年到2010年期间,转基因大豆与转基因玉米的价格增长了大约50%,农业部公布的报告说。
But in its report, the ERS researchers said over the first 15 years of commercial use, GMO seeds have not been shown to definitively increase yield potentials, and "in fact, the yields of herbicide-tolerant or insect-resistant seeds may be occasionally lower than the yields of conventional varieties," the ERS report states.
但是在他们的报告中,美国农业部经济研究服务部(ERS)研究者说,转基因作物种植头15年期间,转基因作物种子没有显示确切的增产潜力,而且“事实上,抗除草剂或抗虫转基因作物的种子种植的单位产量或许偶尔低于非转基因传统品种的单位产量”,农业部公布的报告说。
Several researchers have found "no significant differences" between the net returns to farmers who use GMO herbicide tolerant seeds and those who use non-GMO seeds, the report states.
数位研究者发现,使用抗除草剂转基因作物种子的农民,与使用非转基因传统种子的农民之间,在净收入方面“没有显著差别”,农业部公布的报告说。
GMO crops that prevent yield losses to pests is more helpful to farmers financially, allowing crops more yield potential and higher monetary returns, the report states. As well, insecticide use on corn farms was down to 0.02 pound per acre in 2010, down from 0.21 pound per acre in 1995, the report states.
防止因虫害减少产量的抗虫转基因作物,在财务方面对农民有所帮助,允许农作物有更好的单位产量潜力与更好的财务回报,该项报告说。此外,种植抗虫转基因农作物的农场,1995年每英亩杀虫剂使用量为0.21磅,2010年下降到0.02磅,该项报告说。
But while insecticide use has gone down, herbicide use on GMO corn is rising, the report states. Herbicide use on GMO corn increased from around 1.5 pounds per planted acre in 2001 to more than 2.0 pounds per planted acre in 2010. Herbicide use on non-GMO corn has remained relatively level during that same time frame, the ERS said.
但是,在杀虫剂使用量下降的同时,转基因玉米种植的除草剂使用量增加,报告说。2001年,转基因玉米种植每英亩除草剂使用量为1.5磅,2010年增加到2.0磅。同一时期,用于非转基因玉米的除草剂使用量大致保持原先的水平,报告说。
And the over reliance on glyphosate has translated to an increase in weed resistance, which makes crop production much harder. Glyphosate is the chief ingredient in Roundup herbicide sold by Monsanto, and its use has translated to the glyphosate resistance seen in 14 weed species and biotypes in the United States, according to ERS.
而且,过分依赖草甘膦造成野草抗性增加,使农作物种植更为困难。草甘膦是孟山都销售的除草剂农达的主要成分,它的食用造成在美国各州发现了14个野草品种的抗草甘膦生物品种,报告说。
Researchers have thousands of tests underway in U.S. fields for new crops, ERS reported. As of September 2013, about 7,800 releases have been approved for genetically engineered (GE) corn, more than 2,200 for GE soybeans, more than 1,100 for GE cotton, and about 900 for GE potatoes.
研究者在美国农田进行新转基因作物的数千项试验,报告说。到2013年9月为止,已经批准释放大约7,800个转基因玉米项目,超过2,200项转基因大豆项目,超过1,100项转基因棉项目。
Of those releases, 6772 were for GE varieties with herbicide tolerance, 4,809 for insect resistance, and 4,896 for product quality such as flavor or nutrition, and 5,190 for drought resistance.
批准释放的这些项目中,6772项为抗除草剂转基因品种,4,809项为抗虫转基因品种,4,896项为味道或者营养方面作物质量方面的转基因品种,还有5,190项为抗旱转基因品种。
Monsanto has the most authorized field releases with 6,782, followed by DuPont Pioneer, with 1,405.
获得批准的这些项目中,孟山都拥有最多的农田释放项目,高达6,782项,杜邦先锋居第二位,为1,405。
USDA Reports GMOs May Prompt Significant Environmental Risks
美国农业部报告:转基因可能促进显著环境性风险
http://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/usda-reports-gmos-may-prompt-significant-environmental-risks/Onegreenplanet By Erin Trauth, February 27, 2014
《一个绿色星球》网站,作者:艾琳·特劳瑟
According to the report, “Herbicide use on GMO corn increased from around 1.5 pounds per planted acre in 2001 to more than 2.0 pounds per planted acre in 2010.”
根据该项报告,2001年,转基因玉米种植每英亩除草剂使用量为1.5磅,2010年增加到2.0磅。同一时期,用于非转基因玉米的除草剂使用量大致保持原先的水平,报告说。
Despite the fact that GMO crops have been farmed on U.S. soil for more than 15 years, and that the majority of huge crops like soybeans and corn are all GMO, we’re just now considering how herbicide use might be increased because of these seeds, USDA? Seriously?
尽管转基因作物在美国的土地上已种植了15年以上,以及大豆与玉米这样的大规模种植作物的绝大部分是转基因,我们现在刚刚开始考虑这些转基因作物使用的除草剂使用量可能增加,美国农业部怎么回事?这难道不严重吗?
USDA Reports GMOs May Prompt Significant Environmental Risks
美国农业部报告转基因作物可能促进显著环境风险
http://www.franchiseherald.com/articles/5053/20140228/usda-reports-environmental-risks-gmo-crops.htm Feb 28, 2014 06:35 AM EST | By John Nassivera
2014-02-28 作者:约翰·纳斯维拉
The U.S. Department of Agriculture released on Feb. 20 a new report about the potential risks posed to the environment by genetically engineering crops.
美国农业部2014年2月20日公布了对转基因作物对于环境造成的潜在风险的新报告。
Michael Livingston, a government agricultural economist and one of the authors of the report, stated the purpose of the report's release, according to GMANetwork.
迈克尔·莱翁斯顿,政府农业经济学家以及该报告作者之一,声称公布该报告的目的,依据GMANetwork的报道:
"We are not characterizing them (GMO crops) as bad or good," Livingston said. "We are just providing information."
“我们不是描述它们(转基因作物)好还是不好”,莱翁斯顿说,“我们只是提供信息。”